Ukuhlolwa okuthe xaxa kwamandla kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukunquma amandla ezinto zensimbi ukumelana nomonakalo phakathi nenqubo yokwelula, futhi kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini.
1. Ukuhlolwa kwesikhashana
Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tensile kususelwa kwimigomo eyisisekelo yeMechanics yezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokusebenzisa umthwalo othe xaxa esampulweni yezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kubangela ukuguquguquka okuthe xaxa kuze kube yilapho kuphuka isampula. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ukuguqulwa kwesampula yokuhlola ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukene nomthwalo omkhulu lapho kuqoshwa amakhefu esivunwe, ukuze abale amandla wesivuno, amandla ashubile nezinye izinkomba zomsebenzi.
Ingcindezi σ = f / a
Σ Amandla we-Tensile (MPA)
F ngumthwalo we-tensile (n)
A indawo yesigaba sesigaba se-specimen
2. Ijika le-Tensile
Ukuhlaziywa kwezigaba eziningana zenqubo yokwelula:
a. Esigabeni se-op ngomthwalo omncane, ukugcwala kusebudlelwaneni obuqondile nomthwalo, futhi i-FP ngumthwalo omkhulu wokugcina umugqa oqondile.
b. Ngemuva kokuthi umthwalo weqa fp, ijika elisezingeni eliphakeme liqala ukuthatha ubudlelwano obungeyona umugqa. Isampula lingena esigabeni sokuqala sokwenza isimo, futhi umthwalo uyasuswa, futhi isampula ingabuya esimweni sayo sokuqala kanye nokulimala ngokwesisekelo.
c. Ngemuva kokuthi umthwalo wedlula u-fe Fe, umthwalo uyasuswa, ingxenye yezenkolo ibuyiselwe, futhi ingxenye yezenkolo eyayisele iyagcinwa, okubizwa ngokuthi yiplastiki deformation. UFe ubizelwe umkhawulo wokukhanya.
d. Lapho umthwalo ukhuphuka ngokuqhubekayo, ijika elisezingeni eliphakeme libonisa i-sawtooth. Lapho umthwalo ungandisi noma unciphe, into eqhubekayo yokugqekeza kwesampula yokuhlola ibizwa ngokuvumela. Ngemuva kokuhoxa, isampula iqala ukwenziwa kwezoguquko zepulasitiki ezisobala.
e. Ngemuva kokuhoxa, isampula ibonisa ukwanda kokumelana nokukhubazeka, ukusebenza ngokuqina kanye nokuqiniswa kwezimo. Lapho umthwalo ufinyelela ku-FB, ingxenye efanayo yesampula incipha kakhulu. I-FB ingumkhawulo wamandla.
f. I-shrinkage phenomenon iholela ekunciphiseni kwamandla wesampula. Lapho umthwalo ufinyelela ku-fk, ikhefu lesampula. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umthwalo we-fracture.
Amandla okuthela
Amandla okuthela yinani eliphakeme kakhulu lengcindezi elibonakalayo impahla yensimbi engabekezelela kusukela ekuqaleni kokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki ukuze kuqedwe ukwaphuka lapho kungaphansi kwamandla angaphandle. Leli nani limaka iphuzu elibucayi lapho kuguqulwa okubonakalayo kusuka esigabeni sokukhubazeka esiningi esigabeni se-deformation sepulasitiki.
Ukuhlela ngohlobo oluthile
Amandla aphezulu aphezulu: abhekisele ekucindezelekeni okuphezulu kwesampula ngaphambi kokuthi amandla awela okokuqala lapho ukuvumela kwenzeka.
Amandla aphansi aphansi: abhekisele ekucindezelekeni okuncane esiteji sesivuno lapho umphumela wokuqala wesikhashana unganakwa. Njengoba inani lephuzu lesivuno eliphansi lizinzile, livame ukusetshenziswa njengenkomba yokumelana nezinto ezibonakalayo, elibizwa nge-Revel Point noma amandla okuthela.
Ifomula yokubala
Okwe-Upper Relound Amandla: R = F / Sₒ, lapho f kungamandla amakhulu ngaphambi kokuba amandla awele okokuqala esigabeni sesivuno, futhi i-Sₒ yindawo yokuqala yesigaba sesampula.
Okwenziwa amandla aphansi
Umuvo
Iyunithi lamandla okuvutha imvamisa i-MPA (Megapascal) noma i-N / MM² (Newton nge-Newton Per Millimeter).
Isibonelo
Thatha insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni njengesibonelo, umkhawulo wayo wesivuno uvame ukuthi i-207MPA. Uma ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle amakhulu kunalomkhawulo, insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni izokhiqiza ukungaguquki okungapheli futhi ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa; Uma ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle ngaphansi kwalomkhawulo, insimbi ephansi yekhabhoni ingabuya esimweni sayo sokuqala.
Amandla okuthela kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini zezinto zensimbi. Kubonisa amandla wezinto zokwakha ukumelana noguquko lwepulasitiki lapho zibhekwa emandleni angaphandle.
Amandla asheshayo
Amandla asheshayo akwazi okuqukethwe okufanele amelane nomonakalo ngaphansi kwemithwalo ye-tensile, evezwa ngokuqondile njengenani eliphakeme lokucindezelwa okubonakalayo okubonakalayo. Lapho ukucindezela okuthe xaxa kokuqukethwe kudlula amandla ayo ashubile, lokho okuqukethwe kuzobhekana nokuguquguquka kweplastiki noma ukuqhekeka.
Ifomula yokubala
Ifomula yokubala ye-Tensile Force (σt) yile:
σt = f / a
Lapho F I-Tensile Force (Newton, N) ukuthi i-specimen ingamelana ngaphambi kokuphuka, futhi indawo yokuqala yesigaba se-specimen (isikwele millimeter, MM²).
Umuvo
Iyunithi lamandla ashukumisayo livame ukuvama i-MPA (Megapascal) noma i-N / MM² (Newton nge-Newton Per Millimeter). I-1 MPA ilingana namaNew aneminyaka engu-1 000 000,000 ngemitha yesikwele, nayo elingana ne-1 N / MM².
Izici Zokuthonya
Amandla asheshayo athintwa yizici eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, i-microskrucre, inqubo yokwelashwa, njll. Izinto ezahlukahlukene zinamakhono ahlukile, kuyadingeka ukuthi ukhethe izinto ezifanele ngokususelwa kwizakhiwo zemishini ze izinto zokwakha.
Isicelo Esiwusizo
Amandla asheshayo yipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wezinto zokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela, futhi imvamisa isetshenziselwa ukuhlola izakhiwo zemishini zezinto zokwakha. Ngokuya komklamo wesakhiwo, Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuhlolwa kwezokuphepha, njll. Isibonelo, ebhizinisini lokwakha, amandla ashubile ensimbi ayinto ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi ingamelana yini nemithwalo; Emkhakheni we-aerospace, amandla ashubile angasindi futhi anamandla aphezulu ayisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwendiza.
Amandla okukhathala:
Ukukhathala kwensimbi kubhekisele kwinqubo lapho izinto zokwakha nezinto zikhiqiza kancane kancane umonakalo owenziwe endaweni eyodwa noma ezindaweni ezimbalwa ngaphansi kwengcindezi ye-cyclic noma ukuqhekeka okuphelele, futhi kungazelelwe ama-fractures we-CYCLES.
Izici
Kungazelelwe ngesikhathi: Ukwehluleka kwensimbi kuvame ukwehluleka kwenzeka ngokuzumayo esikhathini esifushane ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisobala.
Indawo Esikhundleni: Ukwehluleka ukukhathala kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zasendaweni lapho kugxilwe khona ingcindezi.
Ukuzwela imvelo kanye neziphambeko: ukukhathala kwensimbi kuzwela kakhulu imvelo kanye nokuphazamiseka okuncane ngaphakathi kokuqukethwe, okungasheshisa inqubo yokukhathala.
Izici Zokuthonya
I-Stress Amplitude: Ubukhulu bengcindezi buthinta ngqo impilo yokukhathala yensimbi.
Isilinganiso sokucindezela kwengcindezi: Lapho kukhulu kakhulu ukucindezelwa, okufushane ukukhathala impilo yensimbi.
Inani lemijikelezo: Izikhathi eziningi insimbi ingaphansi kwengcindezi ye-cyclic noma ubunzima, inqolobane enkulu yokulimala kokukhathala.
Izindlela zokuvimbela
Lungiselela Ukukhethwa Kwezinto Ezibonakalayo: Khetha izinto ezinemikhawulo yokukhathala ephezulu.
Ukunciphisa Ukuhlushwa Kwezimo: Yehlisa Ukugxila Kwezingcindezi Ngokwakheka Kwezinkampani noma Izindlela Zokucubungula, njengokusebenzisa izinguquko ezizungezwe ekhoneni, njll.
Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu: Ukuphoqelela, ukufafaza, njll. Esikhathini sensimbi ukunciphisa iziphambeko zendawo futhi kuthuthukise amandla okukhathala.
Ukuhlola nokulungiswa: njalo kuhlola izinto zensimbi ukuze uthole ngokushesha futhi ukulungisa izici ezinjengokuqhekeka; Gcina izingxenye zithambekele ekukhathaleni, njengokushintsha izingxenye ezigqokile kanye nokuqinisa izixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka.
Ukukhathala kwensimbi kuyimodi yokuhluleka kwensimbi ejwayelekile, ebonakala ngokuzumayo, indawo kanye nokuzwela imvelo. Ingcindezi amplitude, isilinganiso sokucindezela kwengcindezi kanye nenani lemijikelezo yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukukhathala kwensimbi.
I-SN Curve: ichaza impilo yokukhathala yezinto zokwakha ngaphansi kwamazinga ahlukene okucindezela, lapho ama-s amele ingcindezi futhi n imele inani lemijikelezo yokucindezela.
Ifomula yokukhathala ifomula ekhokhelwa:
(Kf = ka \ CDOT KB \ CDOT KC \ CDOT KD \ CDOT ke)
Lapho (Ka) yindawo yokulayisha, (KB) isici sesayizi, (KC) iyisici sokushisa, (i-KD) isici sekhwalithi ephezulu, futhi (ke) yisici sokuthembela.
I-SN Curve Mathematical Expressical:
(\ Sigma ^ m n = c)
Lapho (\ Sigma) ingcindezi, n inani lemijikelezo yokucindezela, kanye ne-M no-C bayizinto ezibonakalayo.
Izinyathelo Zokubala
Nquma ama-contants ezibonakalayo:
Thola amanani we-M no-C ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo noma ngokubhekisela ezincwadini ezifanele.
Nquma isici sokuhlushwa kwengcindezelo: cabanga ukwakheka kwangempela nosayizi wengxenye, kanye nokuhlushwa kwengcindezi okubangelwa ama-fillets, imishini yokucindezela, njll., Ukunquma isici sokukhathala: ngokuya nge-SN Isici sokuhlushwa, sihlanganiswe nempilo ye-Design kanye nezinga lokucindezela lengxenye, ukubala amandla okukhathala.
2. I-Plastic:
I-Plasticity isho impahla yezinto ezibonakalayo, lapho ifakwa ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle, ikhiqiza ukungaguquki kwaphakade ngaphandle kokuphuka lapho amandla angaphandle adlula umkhawulo wawo wokunwebeka. Lokhu kuguqulwa akunakuphikiswa, futhi impahla ngeke ibuyele esimweni sayo sokuqala noma ngabe amandla angaphandle ayasuswa.
I-Plasticity Index nefomula yayo yokubala
I-Elongation (Δ)
Incazelo: I-Elongation iphesenti lokuguqulwa okuphelele kwesigaba segeji ngemuva kokuthi i-specimen ishukunyiswe ubude begeji yasekuqaleni.
Ifomula: Δ = (l1 - l0) / l0 × 100%
Lapho l0 ubude begeji yasekuqaleni ye-specimen;
I-L1 ubude be-gauge ngemuva kokuphulwa kwe-specimen.
Ukuncishiswa kwe-Segmental (ψ)
Incazelo: Ukwehliswa kwengxenye yiphesenti lokuncishiswa okuphezulu endaweni yesiphambano esisezingeni eliphakeme endaweni yokufaka entanyeni ngemuva kokuthi i-specimen iphukile endaweni yokuqala yesiphambano.
Ifomula: ψ = (F0 - F1) / F0 × 100%
Lapho i-F0 yindawo yokuqala yesigaba sesigaba;
I-F1 yindawo yesigaba esisezingeni eliphakeme endaweni evuthayo ngemuva kokuthi i-specimen iphukile.
3. Ubulukhuni
Ubulukhuni bensimbi buyinkomba yempahla yemishini yokukala ubulukhuni bezinto zensimbi. Kubonisa amandla okumelana noshintsho evolubheni lendawo endaweni yensimbi.
Ukuhlukaniswa nokumelwa kobulukhuni bensimbi
Ubulukhuni bensimbi bunokuhlukaniswa okuhlukahlukene kanye nezindlela zokumelwa ngokuya ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuhlola. Ikakhulukazi faka okulandelayo:
Ubulukhuni Brinell (HB):
Ububanzi besicelo: Ngokuvamile kusetshenziswe lapho okuqukethwe kuthambile, njengezinsimbi ezingezona ze-ferrous, insimbi ngaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa noma ngemuva kokungena.
Isimiso sokuhlola: ngosayizi othile womthwalo wokuhlola, ibhola lensimbi oluqinile noma ibhola le-carbide ye-rayisisi elithile licindezelwa ebusweni bensimbi ukuze ihlolwe, futhi umthwalo uyalayishwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esibekiwe, kanye nobubanzi be-induction ngaphezulu ukuze ihlolwe kulinganiswa.
Ifomula yokubala: Inani le-Brinell Hardness Value liyisilinganiso esitholwe ngokuhlukanisa umthwalo yindawo ye-spherical surface of the induction.
I-Rocwell Hardness (HR):
Ububanzi besicelo: Ngokujwayelekile esetshenziselwa izinto ezinobulukhuni obuphakeme, njengokulukhuni ngemuva kokwelashwa okushisa.
Isimiso sokuhlola: Ngokufana nobulukhuni be-Brinell, kepha usebenzisa ama-Proform ahlukene (idayimane) nezindlela zokubala ezahlukahlukene.
Izinhlobo: Ngokuya ngohlelo lokusebenza, kukhona i-HRC (ngezinto eziphezulu zokuqina), HRA, HRB nezinye izinhlobo.
Ubulukhuni be-Vickers (HV):
Ububanzi besicelo: Ilungele ukuhlaziywa kwemicroscope.
Umgomo wokuhlola: Cindezela indawo ebonakalayo enomthwalo ongaphansi kwe-120kg kanye ne-diamond square i-indenter nge-vertex angle nge-136 °, bese uhlukanisa indawo yomgwaqo ongaphezulu kwenani lomthwalo ukuthola inani le-free burness.
Ubulukhuni be-Leeb (HL):
Izici: Umhloli we-hardness ophathwayo, kulula ukukala.
Isimiso sokuhlola: Sebenzisa i-bounce ekhiqizwa ikhanda lebhola lethonya ngemuva komthelela ebusweni, futhi ubale ubunzima ngokwesilinganiso sejubane le-punch ngejubane lesampula liye endaweni yesampula.
Isikhathi sePosi: Sep-25-2024
