Ukuhlolwa kwamandla okuqinile kusetshenziswa kakhulu ukunquma amandla ezinto zensimbi ukumelana nomonakalo phakathi nenqubo yokwelula, futhi kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini yezinto.
1. Ukuhlolwa kwe-Tensile
Ukuhlolwa kwe-tensile kusekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo zomakhenikha wezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokusebenzisa umthwalo oqinile kusampula yezinto ezibonakalayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, kubangela ukuwohloka okuqinile kuze kuphuke isampula. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, ukuwohloka kwesampula yokuhlola ngaphansi kwemithwalo ehlukene kanye nomthwalo omkhulu lapho isampula liphuka lirekhodwa, ukuze kubalwe amandla esivuno, amandla okubamba kanye nezinye izinkomba zokusebenza kwento.
Ukucindezeleka σ = F/A
σ amandla aqinile (MPa)
F is the tensile load (N)
U-A uyindawo ephambanayo yesifanekiso
2. Ijika eliqinile
Ukuhlaziywa kwezigaba eziningana zenqubo yokwelula:
a. Esigabeni se-OP esinomthwalo omncane, ukunwetshwa kusebudlelwaneni bomugqa nomthwalo, futhi i-Fp ingumthwalo omkhulu wokugcina umugqa oqondile.
b. Ngemuva kokuthi umthwalo udlule i-Fp, ijika eliqinile liqala ukuthatha ubudlelwano obungewona umugqa. Isampula ingena esigabeni sokuqala sokuguqulwa, futhi umthwalo uyasuswa, futhi isampula ingabuyela esimweni sayo sangempela futhi i-elastically deform.
c. Ngemuva kokuthi umthwalo udlule i-Fe, umthwalo uyasuswa, ingxenye ye-deformation ibuyiselwe, futhi ingxenye ye-deformation esele igcinwe, ebizwa ngokuthi i-plastic deformation. I-Fe ibizwa ngokuthi umkhawulo wokunwebeka.
d. Lapho umthwalo ukhula ngokuqhubekayo, ijika eliqinile libonisa i-sawtooth. Uma umthwalo ungakhuli noma unganciphi, isenzeko sokunwetshwa okuqhubekayo kwesampula yokuhlola kubizwa ngokuthi ukunikezela. Ngemuva kokuvuthwa, isampula iqala ukuguquguquka okusobala kwepulasitiki.
e. Ngemuva kokuvuthwa, isampula ibonisa ukwanda kokumelana nokuguquguquka, ukuqina komsebenzi kanye nokuqinisa ukuguquguquka. Lapho umthwalo ufika ku-Fb, ingxenye efanayo yesampula incipha kakhulu. U-Fb umkhawulo wamandla.
f. Isenzakalo sokuncipha siholela ekwehleni komthamo wokuthwala wesampula. Lapho umthwalo ufinyelela ku-Fk, isampula iyaphuka. Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi umthwalo wokuphuka.
Isivuno Amandla
Amandla esivuno yinani eliphezulu lokucindezeleka into yensimbi engamelana nayo kusukela ekuqaleni kokuwohloka kwepulasitiki ukuze kuqedwe ukuphuka lapho ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle. Leli nani libonisa iphuzu elibalulekile lapho ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kusuka ku-elastic deformation stage kuya ku-plastic deformation stage.
Ukwahlukanisa
Amandla esivuno esiphezulu: ibhekisela ekucindezelekeni okukhulu kwesampula ngaphambi kokuba amandla ehle okokuqala ngqa lapho ukuhoxa kwenzeka.
Amandla esivuno esiphansi: kubhekisela ekucindezelekeni okuncane esigabeni sokukhiqiza lapho umphumela wesikhashana wokuqala uzitshwa. Njengoba inani lephuzu eliphansi lesivuno lizinzile, livame ukusetshenziswa njengenkomba yokumelana nezinto, okubizwa ngokuthi iphoyinti lokukhiqiza noma amandla esivuno.
Ifomula yokubala
Ngamandla esivuno esiphezulu: R = F / Sₒ, lapho u-F engamandla amakhulu ngaphambi kokuba amandla ehle okokuqala esigabeni sokukhiqiza, futhi i-Sₒ iyindawo yokuqala ye-cross-sectional yesampula.
Ukuze uthole amandla aphansi esivuno: R = F / Sₒ, lapho u-F engamandla amancane F enganaki umphumela wesikhashana wokuqala, futhi u-Sₒ uyindawo yokuqala ye-cross-sectional yesampula.
Iyunithi
Iyunithi yamandla esivuno ngokuvamile i-MPa (megapascal) noma i-N/mm² (i-Newton ngemilimitha yesikwele).
Isibonelo
Thatha insimbi ye-carbon ephansi njengesibonelo, umkhawulo wayo wesivuno uvame ukuba ngu-207MPa. Uma ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle amakhulu kunalo mkhawulo, insimbi ye-carbon ephansi izokhiqiza ukuguqulwa okuhlala njalo futhi ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa; lapho ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle angaphansi kwalo mkhawulo, insimbi ye-carbon ephansi ingabuyela esimweni sayo sokuqala.
Amandla esivuno angenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile zokuhlola izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zensimbi. Ibonisa ikhono lezinto zokumelana nokuguqulwa kwepulasitiki lapho ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle.
Amandla aqinile
Amandla okuqina amandla ento ekwazi ukumelana nomonakalo ngaphansi komthwalo oqinile, ovezwa ngokuqondile njengenani eliphezulu lokucindezeleka into engakwazi ukumelana nayo phakathi nenqubo yokushuba. Lapho ingcindezi yokuqina kokubalulekile idlula amandla ayo aqinile, impahla izoba nokuwohloka kwepulasitiki noma ukuphuka.
Ifomula yokubala
Ifomula yokubala yamandla e-tensile (σt) ithi:
σt = F/A
Lapho u-F engamandla amakhulu aqinile (i-Newton, N) isifanekiso esingamelana nawo ngaphambi kokuba siphuke, futhi u-A uyindawo yoqobo yesiqephu sesampula (imilimitha eyisikwele, mm²).
Iyunithi
Iyunithi yamandla aqinile ngokuvamile i-MPa (megapascal) noma i-N/mm² (i-Newton ngemilimitha yesikwele). I-MPa engu-1 ilingana no-1,000,000 Newtons per square meter, nayo elingana no-1 N/mm².
Izici ezinomthelela
Amandla e-tensile athintwa izici eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali, i-microstructure, inqubo yokwelapha ukushisa, indlela yokucubungula, njll. Izinto ezihlukene zinamandla ahlukene okuqina, ngakho-ke ekusebenziseni okungokoqobo, kuyadingeka ukukhetha izinto ezifanele ngokusekelwe kuzakhiwo zemishini ye- izinto zokwakha.
Isicelo esiwusizo
Amandla e-tensile ayipharamitha ebaluleke kakhulu emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto zokwakha kanye nobunjiniyela, futhi avame ukusetshenziselwa ukuhlola izakhiwo zemishini yezinto zokwakha. Mayelana nomklamo wesakhiwo, ukukhethwa kwempahla, ukuhlola ukuphepha, njll., amandla okuqina yisici okufanele sicatshangelwe. Isibonelo, kwezobunjiniyela bokwakha, amandla aqinile ensimbi iyisici esibalulekile ekunqumeni ukuthi angakwazi yini ukumelana nemithwalo; emkhakheni we-aerospace, amandla aqinile wezinto ezilula nezinamandla aphezulu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwendiza.
Amandla okukhathala:
Ukukhathala kwensimbi kusho inqubo lapho izinto nezingxenye zikhiqiza khona kancane kancane umonakalo oqongelelekayo wendawo endaweni eyodwa noma eziningana ngaphansi kwengcindezi yomjikelezo noma uhlobo lwe-cyclic, kanye nokuqhekeka noma ukuphuka okuphelele kungazelelwe kwenzeka ngemva kwenani elithile lemijikelezo.
Izici
Ngokungazelelwe ngesikhathi: Ukwehluleka kokukhathala kwensimbi kuvame ukuvela ngokuzumayo esikhathini esifushane ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezisobala.
Indawo endaweni: Ukwehluleka ukukhathala kuvame ukwenzeka ezindaweni zasendaweni lapho kugxilwe khona ukucindezeleka.
Ukuzwela indawo ezungezile kanye nokukhubazeka: Ukukhathala kwensimbi kuzwela kakhulu endaweni ezungezile kanye nokukhubazeka okuncane ngaphakathi kwempahla, okungase kusheshise inqubo yokukhathala.
Izici ezinomthelela
I-Stress amplitude: Ubukhulu bokucindezeleka buthinta ngokuqondile impilo yokukhathala yensimbi.
Isilinganiso sobukhulu bokucindezeleka: Uma kukhulu ukucindezelwa okumaphakathi, impilo yokukhathala yensimbi iba mfishane.
Inombolo yemijikelezo: Lapho insimbi ingaphansi kwengcindezi ye-cyclic noma ingcindezi, kubi kakhulu ukunqwabelana komonakalo wokukhathala.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela
Lungiselela ukukhetha kwezinto: Khetha izinto ezinomkhawulo wokukhathala ophakeme.
Ukunciphisa ukugxila kwengcindezi: Yehlisa ukugxila kwengcindezi ngedizayini yesakhiwo noma izindlela zokucubungula, njengokusebenzisa uguquko lwamakhona ayindilinga, ukukhulisa ubukhulu bezigaba ezihlukene, njll.
Ukwelashwa okungaphezulu: Ukupholisha, ukufutha, njll endaweni yensimbi ukunciphisa ukukhubazeka okungaphezulu nokuthuthukisa amandla okukhathala.
Ukuhlola nokunakekela: Hlola njalo izingxenye zensimbi ukuze uthole ngokushesha futhi ulungise iziphambeko ezifana nokuqhekeka; gcina izingxenye ezijwayele ukukhathala, njengokushintsha izingxenye ezigugile nokuqinisa izixhumanisi ezibuthakathaka.
Ukukhathala kwensimbi kuyindlela evamile yokuhluleka kwensimbi, ebonakala ngokuzumayo, indawo kanye nokuzwela kwemvelo. Ubukhulu bengcindezi, isilinganiso sobukhulu bokucindezeleka kanye nenani lemijikelezo yizici eziyinhloko ezithinta ukukhathala kwensimbi.
Ijika le-SN: lichaza impilo yokukhathala yezinto ezingaphansi kwamazinga okucindezeleka ahlukene, lapho u-S emelela ukucindezeleka futhi uN emele inani lemijikelezo yokucindezeleka.
Ifomula ye-coefficient yokukhathala:
(Kf = Ka \cdot Kb \cdot Kc \cdot Kd \cdot Ke)
Lapho (Ka) kuyisici somthwalo, (Kb) isici sosayizi, (Kc) isici sokushisa, (Kd) isici sekhwalithi engaphezulu, futhi (Ke) isici sokwethembeka.
Inkulumo yezibalo yejika ye-SN:
(\sigma^m N = C)
Lapho (\sigma) kunokucindezeleka, u-N uyinombolo yemijikelezo yokucindezeleka, futhi u-m no-C yizinto ezingaguquki.
Izinyathelo zokubala
Nquma izinto ezingaguquki:
Nquma amanani we-m no-C ngokusebenzisa izivivinyo noma ngokubhekisela ezincwadini ezifanele.
Nquma isici sokugxilisa ukucindezeleka: Cabangela ukuma nosayizi wangempela wengxenye, kanye nokugxiliswa kwengcindezi okubangelwa izibopho, okhiye, njll., ukuze unqume isici sokugxilisa ingcindezi K. Bala amandla okukhathala: Ngokusho kwejika nengcindezi ye-SN isici sokuhlushwa, esihlanganiswe nempilo yokuklama kanye nezinga lokucindezeleka lokusebenza kwengxenye, ukubala amandla okukhathala.
2. Ipulasitiki:
I-Plasticity ibhekisela endaweni yempahla okuthi, lapho ingaphansi kwamandla angaphandle, ikhiqize ukuguquguquka okungapheli ngaphandle kokuphuka lapho amandla angaphandle edlula umkhawulo wawo wokunwebeka. Lokhu kuguqulwa akubuyiseleki emuva, futhi impahla ngeke ibuyele esimweni sayo sokuqala noma ngabe amandla angaphandle asusiwe.
Inkomba yePlastiki kanye nefomula yayo yokubala
Ubude (δ)
Incazelo: Ukwelulwa iphesenti lokuguquguquka okuphelele kwesigaba segeji ngemva kokuba isifanekiso siphukile sifinyelele ubude begeji yokuqala.
Ifomula: δ = (L1 – L0) / L0 × 100%
Lapho u-L0 kuwubude begeji yoqobo yesifanekiso;
I-L1 ubude begeji ngemva kokwephulwa kwesampula.
Ukwehliswa ngokwengxenye (Ψ)
Incazelo: Ukwehliswa kwesegimenti iphesenti lokwehliswa okuphezulu kakhulu endaweni ephambanayo endaweni yentamo ngemva kokuba isifanekiso siphulwe endaweni yasekuqaleni ye-cross-sectional.
Ifomula: Ψ = (F0 – F1) / F0 × 100%
Lapho u-F0 kuyindawo yokuqala enqamula ingxenye yesifanekiso;
I-F1 iyindawo ephambanayo endaweni yentamo ngemva kokwephulwa kwesampula.
3. Ubulukhuni
Ubulukhuni bensimbi iyinkomba yempahla esetshenziswayo ukukala ubulukhuni bezinto zensimbi. Ibonisa ikhono lokumelana nokuguqulwa kwevolumu yendawo endaweni yensimbi.
Ukuhlukaniswa nokumelwa kokuqina kwensimbi
Ubulukhuni bensimbi bunezinhlobonhlobo zokuhlukaniswa nezindlela zokumelela ngokwezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola. Ikakhulukazi zihlanganisa okulandelayo:
Ukuqina kwe-Brinell (HB):
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Isetshenziswa ngokujwayelekile lapho impahla ithambile, njengezinsimbi ezingenayo insimbi, insimbi ngaphambi kokwelashwa kokushisa noma ngemva kokuhushula.
Isimiso sokuhlola: Ngobukhulu obuthile bomthwalo wokuhlola, ibhola lensimbi eliqinile noma ibhola le-carbide lobubanzi obuthile licindezelwa ebusweni bensimbi ukuze lihlolwe, futhi umthwalo uyathululwa ngemva kwesikhathi esinqunyiwe, kanye nobubanzi bokungena ngaphakathi. phezu kobuso obuzohlolwa kukalwa.
Ifomula yokubala: Inani lobulukhuni be-Brinell yi-quotient etholwe ngokuhlukanisa umthwalo ngendawo eyindilinga yokuhlehlisa.
Ukuqina kwe-Rockwell (HR):
Ububanzi bokusebenza: Imvamisa isetshenziselwa izinto ezinokuqina okuphezulu, njengokuqina ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa.
Isimiso sokuhlola: Kufana nobulukhuni be-Brinell, kodwa kusetshenziswa ama-probe ahlukene (idayimane) nezindlela zokubala ezihlukene.
Izinhlobo: Ngokuya ngesicelo, kukhona i-HRC (yezinto zokuqina okuphezulu), i-HRA, i-HRB nezinye izinhlobo.
Ukuqina kwe-Vickers (HV):
Ububanzi bohlelo lokusebenza: Ifanele ukuhlaziywa kwe-microscope.
Isimiso sokuhlola: Cindezela indawo ebonakalayo enomthwalo ongaphansi kuka-120kg kanye ne-indenter yekhoni yesikwele sedayimane ene-engeli ye-vertex engu-136°, futhi uhlukanise indawo engaphezulu yomgodi wokuhlehlisa ngokwenani lomthwalo ukuze uthole inani lobulukhuni be-Vickers.
Ukuqina kwe-Leeb (HL):
Izici: Portable ubulukhuni umhloli, kulula ukukala.
Umgomo wokuhlola: Sebenzisa ukugxuma okukhiqizwe ikhanda lebhola elinomthelela ngemva kokuba nomthelela endaweni yokuqina, futhi ubale ubulukhuni ngesilinganiso sesivinini sokuphindaphinda kwesingqimba esingu-1mm ukusuka endaweni eyisampula ukuya kwisivinini somthelela.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-25-2024
