Ithusi
Lapho ingxenye ecebile nge-aluminium ye-aluminium-copper alloy ingu-548, ukuncibilika okukhulu kwethusi ku-aluminium ngu-5.65%. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehla laya ku-302, ukuncibilika kwethusi kungu-0.45%. I-Copper iyisici esibalulekile se-alloy futhi inomphumela othile oqinile wokuqinisa isisombululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-CuAl2 eqalwa ukuguga inomphumela osobala wokuqinisa ukuguga. Okuqukethwe kwethusi kuma-alloys e-aluminium ngokuvamile kuphakathi kuka-2.5% no-5%, futhi umphumela wokuqinisa ungcono kakhulu uma okuqukethwe kwethusi kuphakathi kuka-4% no-6.8%, ngakho okuqukethwe kwethusi kwama-alloys amaningi e-duralumin kungaphakathi kwalolu hlu. Ama-alloys e-aluminium-copper angaqukatha i-silicon encane, i-magnesium, i-manganese, i-chromium, i-zinc, insimbi nezinye izakhi.
I-silicon
Lapho ingxenye ecebile nge-aluminium yesistimu ye-alloy ye-Al-Si inezinga lokushisa le-eutectic elingu-577, ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-silicon kusixazululo esiqinile ngu-1.65%. Nakuba ukunyibilika kuncipha ngezinga lokushisa elinciphayo, lawa ma-alloys ngokuvamile awakwazi ukuqiniswa ukwelashwa kokushisa. I-aluminium-silicon alloy inezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokuphonsa kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Uma i-magnesium ne-silicon yengezwa ku-aluminium ngesikhathi esifanayo ukwenza i-aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy, isigaba sokuqinisa i-MgSi. Isilinganiso esikhulu se-magnesium ne-silicon ngu-1.73:1. Lapho uklama ukwakheka kwengxubevange ye-Al-Mg-Si, okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium ne-silicon kumiswa kulesi silinganiso ku-matrix. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla amanye ama-alloys e-Al-Mg-Si, kuyengezwa inani elifanele lethusi, futhi inani elifanele le-chromium liyengezwa ukuze kulungiswe imiphumela emibi yethusi ekumelaneni nokugqwala.
I-solubility ephezulu ye-Mg2Si ku-aluminium engxenyeni ecebile nge-aluminium yomdwebo wesigaba sokulinganisa wesistimu ye-alloy ye-Al-Mg2Si ngu-1.85%, futhi ukwehla kuncane njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha. Kuma-alloys e-aluminium akhubazekile, ukungezwa kwe-silicon yodwa ku-aluminium kunqunyelwe ezintweni zokushisela, futhi ukungezwa kwe-silicon ku-aluminium nakho kunomphumela othile wokuqinisa.
Magnesium
Nakuba ijika lokuncibilika libonisa ukuthi ukunyibilika kwe-magnesium ku-aluminium kuncipha kakhulu njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha, okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kuma-alloys amaningi e-aluminium akhubazekile ezimbonini kungaphansi kuka-6%. Okuqukethwe kwe-silicon nakho kuphansi. Lolu hlobo lwe-alloy alukwazi ukuqiniswa ukwelashwa kokushisa, kodwa lunokushisela okuhle, ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle, namandla aphakathi nendawo. Ukuqiniswa kwe-aluminium nge-magnesium kusobala. Kukho konke ukwanda kwe-magnesium ngo-1%, amandla e-tensile akhuphuka cishe ngama-34MPa. Uma i-manganese engaphansi kwe-1% yengezwe, umphumela oqinisayo ungase wengezwe. Ngakho-ke, ukwengeza i-manganese kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium futhi kunciphise ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka okushisayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-manganese ingakwazi futhi ukufaka inhlanganisela ye-Mg5Al8 ngendlela efanayo, ithuthukise ukumelana nokugqwala nokusebenza kokushisela.
IManganese
Lapho izinga lokushisa le-eutectic lomdwebo wesigaba se-flat equilibrium we-Al-Mn alloy system ingu-658, ukuncibilika okuphezulu kwe-manganese esixazululweni esiqinile ngu-1.82%. Amandla engxubevange ayanda ngokwanda kokuncibilika. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-manganese kungu-0.8%, ukuphakama kufinyelela inani eliphezulu. I-al-Mn alloy iyingxube ye-non-age hardening, okungukuthi, ayikwazi ukuqiniswa ngokwelashwa kokushisa. I-Manganese ingavimbela inqubo yokwenziwa kabusha kwama-alloys e-aluminium, ikhuphule izinga lokushisa lekristalu, futhi icwengisise kakhulu okusanhlamvu okwenziwe kabusha. Ukucwengwa kwezinhlamvu ezenziwe kabusha kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthi izinhlayiya ezihlakazekile zezinhlanganisela ze-MnAl6 zivimbela ukukhula kwezinhlamvu eziphinde zenziwe kabusha. Omunye umsebenzi we-MnAl6 ukuncibilikisa insimbi engcolile ukuze yakhe (Fe, Mn) Al6, ukwehlisa imiphumela eyingozi yensimbi. I-Manganese iyisici esibalulekile kuma-alloys e-aluminium. Inganezelwa iyodwa ukuze yakhe ingxubevange ye-Al-Mn kanambambili. Ngokuvamile, yengezwa kanye nezinye izakhi ze-alloying. Ngakho-ke, ama-alloys amaningi e-aluminium aqukethe i-manganese.
Zinc
I-solubility ye-zinc ku-aluminium ingu-31.6% ku-275 engxenyeni ecebile ye-aluminium yomdwebo wesigaba sokulinganisa wesistimu ye-alloy ye-Al-Zn, kuyilapho ukunyibilika kwayo kwehla ku-5.6% ku-125. Ukwengeza i-zinc yodwa ku-aluminium kunokuthuthukiswa okulinganiselwe kakhulu amandla e-aluminium alloy ngaphansi kwezimo zokuguquguquka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ukuthambekela kokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukusetshenziswa kwayo. Ukwengeza i-zinc ne-magnesium ku-aluminium ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakha isigaba sokuqinisa i-Mg / Zn2, esinomthelela omkhulu wokuqinisa ku-alloy. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-Mg/Zn2 kunyuswa kusuka ku-0.5% kuya ku-12%, amandla okuqina namandla okukhiqiza angakhuphuka kakhulu. Kuma-alloys e-aluminium eqinile lapho okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kudlula inani elidingekayo ukuze kwenziwe isigaba se-Mg/Zn2, lapho isilinganiso se-zinc ne-magnesium silawulwa cishe ku-2.7, ukumelana nokuqhekeka kokugqwala kwengcindezi kukhulu kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukungeza i-elementi yethusi ku-Al-Zn-Mg yakha i-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu yochungechunge lwealloy. Umphumela wokuqinisa isisekelo mkhulu kunawo wonke ama-alloys e-aluminium. Kuphinde kube yinto ebalulekile ye-aluminium alloy ku-aerospace, imboni yezokundiza, kanye nemboni yamandla kagesi.
Insimbi ne-silicon
I-ayoni yengezwa njengama-elementi e-alloying ochungechungeni lwe-Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe ama-alloys enziwe nge-aluminium, futhi i-silicon yengezwa njengama-elementi e-alloying ochungechungeni lwe-Al-Mg-Si i-aluminium eyenziwe kanye nochungechunge lwe-Al-Si izinduku zokushisela nokuphonsa i-aluminium-silicon. ama-alloys. Kuma-alloys esisekelo se-aluminium, i-silicon nensimbi yizinto ezivamile zokungcola, ezinomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni ze-alloy. Zikhona ikakhulukazi njenge-FeCl3 ne-silicon yamahhala. Uma i-silicon inkulu kunensimbi, isigaba se-β-FeSiAl3 (noma i-Fe2Si2Al9) siyakhiwa, futhi uma insimbi inkulu kune-silicon, i-α-Fe2SiAl8 (noma i-Fe3Si2Al12) iyakhiwa. Uma isilinganiso sensimbi ne-silicon singalungile, kuzodala imifantu ekubunjweni. Uma okuqukethwe kwensimbi ku-aluminium ekhonjiwe kuphezulu kakhulu, ukubunjwa kuzoba brittle.
I-Titanium ne-Boron
I-Titanium iyisici esivame ukusetshenziswa esingeziwe kuma-alloys e-aluminium, yengezwe ngesimo se-Al-Ti noma i-Al-Ti-B master alloy. I-Titanium ne-aluminium zakha isigaba se-TiAl2, esiba umgogodla ongazenzeki ngesikhathi sokucwebezela futhi sibambe iqhaza ekucwengeni ukwakheka kokulingisa kanye nesakhiwo sokushisela. Lapho ama-alloys e-Al-Ti enza ukusabela kwephakheji, okuqukethwe okubalulekile kwe-titanium cishe ku-0.15%. Uma i-boron ikhona, ukwehla kuncane njengo-0.01%.
I-Chromium
I-Chromium iyisici esingeziwe esivamile ochungechungeni lwe-Al-Mg-Si, uchungechunge lwe-Al-Mg-Zn, nama-alloys ochungechunge lwe-Al-Mg. Ku-600°C, ukunyibilika kwe-chromium ku-aluminium ngu-0.8%, futhi empeleni ayincibiliki ezingeni lokushisa legumbi. I-Chromium yenza izinhlanganisela ze-intermetallic ezifana ne-(CrFe)Al7 kanye ne-(CrMn)Al12 ku-aluminium, evimbela inqubo ye-nucleation neyokukhula yokwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu futhi inomthelela othile oqinisayo ku-alloy. Kungase futhi kuthuthukise ukuqina kwe-alloy futhi kunciphise ukuthambekela ekucindezelekeni kokuqhekeka kokugqwala.
Kodwa-ke, isayithi liyakwandisa ukuzwela kokucisha, okwenza ifilimu ye-anodized ibe phuzi. Inani le-chromium elingezwe kuma-alloys e-aluminium ngokuvamile alidluli u-0.35%, futhi liyehla ngokwanda kwezinto eziguqukayo ku-alloy.
I-Strontium
I-Strontium iyisici esisebenza phezulu esingashintsha ukuziphatha kwezigaba ezihlanganisiwe ze-intermetallic crystallographically. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kokuguqulwa nge-strontium element kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kwepulasitiki kwe-alloy kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo wokugcina. Ngenxa yesikhathi eside esisebenzayo sokuguqulwa, umphumela omuhle kanye nokuzala kabusha, i-strontium ithathe indawo yokusetshenziswa kwe-sodium ku-Al-Si casting alloys eminyakeni yamuva. Ukwengeza u-0.015%~03% we-strontium ku-aluminium alloy ye-extrusion kuguqula isigaba se-β-AlFeSi ku-ingot sibe yisigaba se-α-AlFeSi, kunciphisa isikhathi se-ingot homogenization ngo-60% ~ 70%, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokucutshungulwa kwepulasitiki kwezinto; ukwenza ngcono ubulukhuni bemikhiqizo.
Ku-silicon ephezulu (10% ~ 13%) ama-alloys e-aluminium akhubazekile, ukungeza i-0.02% ~ 0.07% element ye-strontium kunganciphisa amakristalu ayisisekelo abe okungenani, futhi izakhiwo zemishini nazo zithuthukiswa kakhulu. Amandla e-tensile бb anda esuka ku-233MPa kuya ku-236MPa, futhi amandla okukhiqiza б0.2 akhuphuke esuka ku-204MPa kuya ku-210MPa, futhi ubude б5 bukhuphuke busuka ku-9% baya ku-12%. Ukwengeza i-strontium ku-hypereutectic Al-Si alloy kunganciphisa usayizi wezinhlayiya ze-silicon eziyinhloko, kuthuthukise izakhiwo zokucubungula ipulasitiki, futhi kunikeze amandla ukugoqeka okushelelayo okushisayo nokubandayo.
I-Zirconium
I-Zirconium nayo iyisengezo esivamile kuma-alloys e-aluminium. Ngokuvamile, inani elengezwe kuma-alloys e-aluminium ngu-0.1% ~ 0.3%. I-Zirconium ne-aluminium zakha izinhlanganisela ze-ZrAl3, ezingakhinyabeza inqubo yokwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu futhi zicwenge okusanhlamvu okwenziwe kabusha. I-Zirconium ingaphinda icwenge isakhiwo sokuphonsa, kodwa umphumela mncane kune-titanium. Ukuba khona kwe-zirconium kuzonciphisa umphumela wokucwenga okusanhlamvu we-titanium ne-boron. Kuma-alloys e-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, njengoba i-zirconium inomphumela omncane ekucimeni ukuzwela kune-chromium ne-manganese, kufanelekile ukusebenzisa i-zirconium esikhundleni se-chromium ne-manganese ukuze kucwengwe isakhiwo esifakwe kabusha.
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile
Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zengezwa kuma-alloys e-aluminium ukuze kwandiswe i-supercooling yengxenye ngesikhathi sokusakazwa kwe-aluminium ingxubevange, ukucwenga okusanhlamvu, ukunciphisa isikhala sekristalu sesibili, ukunciphisa amagesi kanye nokufakwa ku-alloy, futhi kuvame ukwenza i-spheroidize isigaba sokufakwa. Kungase futhi kunciphise ukushuba kwendawo kokuncibilika, kukhuphule uketshezi, futhi kusize ukuphonsa kuma-ingots, okunomthelela omkhulu ekusebenzeni kwenqubo. Kungcono ukwengeza imihlaba ehlukahlukene engavamile ngenani elingaba ngu-0.1%. Ukwengezwa kwemihlaba engavamile exubile (okuxutshwe i-La-Ce-Pr-Nd, njll.) kunciphisa izinga lokushisa elibalulekile lokwakheka kwendawo eguga ye-G?P ku-Al-0.65%Mg-0.61%Si ingxubevange. Ama-alloys e-aluminium aqukethe i-magnesium angashukumisa i-metamorphism yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba.
Ukungcola
I-Vanadium yakha i-VAL11 refractory compound kuma-alloys e-aluminium, edlala indima ekucwengeni okusanhlamvu ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokuphonsa, kodwa indima yayo incane kune-titanium ne-zirconium. I-Vanadium iphinde ibe nomthelela wokucwenga isakhiwo esifakwe kabusha futhi sikhulise izinga lokushisa lokuvuselela kabusha.
Ukunyibilika okuqinile kwe-calcium kuma-alloys e-aluminium kuphansi kakhulu, futhi kwenza inhlanganisela ye-CaAl4 ne-aluminium. I-calcium iyingxenye ye-superplastic yama-alloys e-aluminium. Ingxubevange ye-aluminium ene-calcium cishe engu-5% kanye ne-manganese engu-5% ine-superplasticity. I-calcium ne-silicon yenza i-CaSi, engancibiliki ku-aluminium. Njengoba inani lesixazululo esiqinile le-silicon lincishisiwe, ukuqhutshwa kukagesi kwe-aluminium ehlanzekile yezimboni kungathuthukiswa kancane. I-calcium ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika kwama-alloys e-aluminium. I-CaSi2 ayikwazi ukuqinisa ama-alloys e-aluminium ngokwelashwa kokushisa. Ukulandelela amanani e-calcium ayasiza ekukhipheni i-hydrogen ku-aluminium encibilikisiwe.
Izakhi zomthofu, zethini, ne-bismuth ziyizinsimbi ezincibilika eziphansi. I-solubility yabo eqinile ku-aluminium incane, enciphisa kancane amandla e-alloy, kodwa ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokusika. I-Bismuth iyakhula ngesikhathi sokuqina, okuzuzisa ukondla. Ukwengeza i-bismuth kuma-alloys amaningi e-magnesium kungavimbela ukuvuthwa kwe-sodium.
I-Antimony isetshenziswa kakhulu njengesilungisi kuma-alloys e-aluminium ekhonjiwe, futhi ayivamisile ukusetshenziswa kuma-alloys e-aluminium akhubazekile. Faka esikhundleni se-bismuth kuphela ku-al-Mg ye-aluminiyamu ekhubazekile ukuze uvimbele ukufakwa kwe-sodium. I-Antimony element yengezwa kwamanye ama-alloys e-Al-Zn-Mg-Cu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kokucindezela okushisayo nezinqubo zokucindezela okubandayo.
I-Berryllium ingathuthukisa ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-oxide kuma-alloys e-aluminium ekhubazekile futhi inciphise ukulahlekelwa okuvuthayo kanye nokufakwa ngesikhathi sokuncibilika nokuphonsa. I-Beryllium iyisici esinobuthi esingadala ubuthi be-allergic kubantu. Ngakho-ke, i-beryllium ayikwazi ukufakwa kuma-alloys e-aluminium ahlangana nokudla neziphuzo. Okuqukethwe kwe-beryllium ezintweni zokushisela kuvame ukulawulwa ngaphansi kuka-8μg/ml. Ama-alloys e-aluminium asetshenziswa njengama-welding substrates nawo kufanele alawule okuqukethwe kwe-beryllium.
I-sodium icishe ingancibiliki ku-aluminium, kanti ukuncibilika okuqinile okuphezulu kungaphansi kuka-0.0025%. indawo yokuncibilika yesodium iphansi (97.8℃), lapho i-sodium ikhona ku-alloy, ikhangiswa endaweni ye-dendrite noma umngcele wokusanhlamvu ngesikhathi sokuqina, ngesikhathi sokucubungula okushisayo, i-sodium emngceleni wokusanhlamvu yenza ungqimba lwe-adsorption lwe-liquid, okuholela ekuqhekekeni okunamandla, ukwakheka kwama-NaAlSi compounds, akukho sodium yamahhala ekhona, futhi ayikhiqizi "i-sodium brittle".
Uma okuqukethwe kwe-magnesium kudlula u-2%, i-magnesium ithatha i-silicon futhi ikhiphe i-sodium yamahhala, okuholela "ku-sodium brittleness". Ngakho-ke, i-magnesium aluminium alloy ephezulu ayivunyelwe ukusebenzisa i-sodium salt flux. Izindlela zokuvimbela "i-sodium embrittlement" ihlanganisa i-chlorination, eyenza i-sodium ibe ne-NaCl futhi ikhishwe ku-slag, ingeze i-bismuth ukuze ifake i-Na2Bi futhi ingene ku-matrix yensimbi; ukwengeza i-antimony ukwenza i-Na3Sb noma ukwengeza imihlaba engavamile nakho kungaba nomthelela ofanayo.
Ihlelwe nguMay Jiang evela kwaMAT Aluminium
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Aug-08-2024
